He was somewhere between the age of 17 and 25 when he died, apparently of natural causes. But for reasons that are unclear, a warrior's body found in Yorkshire (England) was speared and clubbed prior to burial, in what is now a fascinating Iron Age mystery. A distinct possibility is that it was done to prevent him from rising from the dead, say archaeologists.
     Two intriguing 3rd century BCE grave sites were uncovered by the MAP Archaeological Practice at the Pocklington sitem as archaeologist and science writer David Keys reports on The Independent. The first gravesite contains the skeletal remains of a young man, which exhibit signs of an elaborate, gruesome funeral ritual in which his dead body was stabbed repeatedly. A woman roughly the same age was buried nearby. The second gravesite contains the remains of an older individual who was buried along with his chariot and a pair of horses. Disturbingly, it appears that both horses were buried alive.
     The young Iron Age warrior appears to have died of natural causes. Examination of the grave showed he was ritually pierced by nine spears - five with iron tips and four with bone tips. He also received a crushing blow to the skull, possibly with a wooden club or similar blunt weapon. These injuries appear to have been inflicted onto the body after death, according to the archaeologists, who have posited several possible explanations.
     One potential explanation is that, although he was a respected warrior, he had died of natural causes, and not in battle. Perhaps significantly his shield had been deliberately dismantled. But the ritual spearing of his corpse might have allowed him the privilege of finally dying a warrior's death.
     A second possibility could be that, at least after death, he was feared. In many parts of the world there is archaeological and folklore evidence for a tradition in which some corpses (those of suspected 'vampires' and other 'revenants') were systematically speared by sharp objects to 'neutralize' them. What's more, as in the Pocklington case, the metal or other objects used to pierce the corpse were usually not withdrawn from the dead body, but were left there-in effect, for eternity.
     A third possibility is the individual was put in the ground alive and then ritually murdered. But for this third scenario to work, the archaeologists would have to explain the absence of defensive wounds and the orientation of the body in the fetal position.
     Paula Ware, the director of the project, believes the wounds were inflicted after death, an act done to "release the youngster's spirit, and... a sign of respect from the community." Another possible clue could come from a grave located nearby - that of a woman, also between the age of 17 and 25 when she died, and who had spina bifida. The archaeologists are planning to conduct genetic analysis of both skeletons to determine if the two might have been related.
     The second gravesite found at the Pocklington site, located about 55 m away, is just as strange. The grave contains the body of a high-ranking elderly man, who was in his 60s or 70s when he died. He was buried in his chariot, along with two adult horses still attached - as if to suggest these beasts of burden would carry on their duties in the next world. These horses, possibly ponies, may have been dropped into the grave while still alive and, while they were still standing upright, were buried until they could no longer move. In the final act, the horses were decapitated. The archaeologists suspect the heads were place atop the gravesite as if to stand guard.
     "Both were still upright and they were placed as though in motion as if they were leaping out of the grave. It looked as though their skulls were removed centuries ago," said Ware, adding that "Possibly the heads were coming out of the graves. Did they go in alive - who knows? There's no evidence of a ramp."
     In addition to the chariot and horses, the man, who was in his clothes and set in a fetal position, was buried with an elaborate bronze brooch and a shield made from bronze, wood, and leather. The grave also contained the bones of a half-dozen piglets, which may have been consumed during the man's funeral feast, the archaeologists speculate.
     The Pocklington site will likely provide more clues in the coming weeks and months, as the site is excavated prior to the construction of a residential area. The site has been under investigation since 2014, yielding nearly 100 burial graves, known as barrows.

Edited from The Yorkshire Post (6 December 2018), The Independent (7 December 2018), The Independent (11 December 2018)