The modern technology of craniotomy, a surgical operation which is performed on the brain through an incision in the skull, may have been in use in China nearly 3,000 years ago. Scientists made the conclusion after a detailed study of 13 perforated skulls that had been unearthed in the northwestern region of Xinjiang.
     The skulls were found in a cluster of more than 2,000 ancient tombs in the desert outside Turpan, 200 kilometers east of the regional capital Urumqi, said Lu Enguo, a researcher with the Xinjiang Institute of Archeology. He said the skulls had between one to five holes each, although one had seven. "The holes were either round or square and the healing tissues near the holes suggested they must have been made while the people were still alive - probably for medical purposes," he explained. Through laboratory tests, Lu found that nearly all the perforated skulls had signs of brain injuries.
     Lu and his colleagues also found 600 mummies in the tombs, a dozen of which are believed to have been shamans because sacks of marijuana leaves were found next to the corpses. "The marijuana must have been buried with the dead shamans who dreamed of continuing the profession in another world." The best preserved mummy is a Caucasian male and about 1.2 meters long. Experts said the man must have been between 40 and 50 years old when he died. The mummy was dressed in a leather coat, a knitted cloak, hat and boots. He wore earrings and a necklace, and held a copper laced staff in one hand and a bronze axe in the other.
     Three ancient harp-like string instruments were also discovered, which archaeologists believe were used by the shamans to communicate with the gods. "We assume the shamans played them during religious rituals to inform the gods of human deaths," said Lu. Archaeologists assume the tombs, which date from the Bronze Ageto the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907), belonged to several large nomadic tribes. "Most of them moved to Turpan from Altay in the far north about 3,500 years ago and settled down there because of its mild climate," said Han Kangxin, an anthropologist with the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
     The first of the tombs was detected in 1981 by villagers who were excavating for a karez - a subterranean irrigation canal. Subsequent research found more than 2,000 tombs, half of which are yet to be excavated.

Source: China Economic Net (26 January 2007)